The resident stem cell for skeletal muscle is the satellite tv for pc cell. On the 50th anniversary of its discovery in 1961, we described the historical past of skeletal muscle analysis and the seminal findings made throughout the first 20 years within the lifetime of the satellite tv for pc cell (Scharner and Zammit 2011, doi: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-28).
These research established the satellite tv for pc cell because the supply of myoblasts for development and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Now on the 60th anniversary, we spotlight breakthroughs within the second section of satellite tv for pc cell analysis from 1980 to 2000.
These embrace technical improvements akin to isolation of main satellite tv for pc cells and viable muscle fibres full with satellite tv for pc cells of their area of interest, and era of many helpful reagents together with genetically modified organisms and antibodies nonetheless in use at this time. New methodologies had been mixed with description of endogenous satellite tv for pc cells markers, notably Pax7.
Discovery of the muscle regulatory elements Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin, and MRF4 within the late 1980s revolutionized understanding of the management of each developmental and regerenative myogenesis. Emergence of genetic lineage markers facilitated identification of satellite tv for pc cells in situ, but in addition empowered transplantation research to look at satellite tv for pc cell perform.
Lastly, satellite tv for pc cell heterogeneity and the non-satellite cell assist of muscle regeneration had been described. These main advances in methodology and in understanding satellite tv for pc cell biology offered the foundations for the dramatic escalation of labor on muscle stem cells within the 21st century.
HER Tyrosine Kinase Household and Rhabdomyosarcoma: Position in Onset and Focused Remedy
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are tumors of the skeletal muscle lineage. Two principal options enable for distinction between subtypes: morphology and presence/absence of a translocation between the PAX3 (or PAX7) and FOXO1 genes. The 2 principal subtypes are fusion-positive alveolar RMS (ARMS) and fusion-negative embryonal RMS (ERMS).
This assessment will deal with the function of receptor tyrosine kinases of the human epidermal development issue receptor (EGFR) household that’s comprised EGFR itself, HER2, HER3 and HER4 in RMS onset and the potential therapeutic concentrating on of receptor tyrosine kinases. EGFR is extremely expressed by ERMS tumors and cell strains, in some instances contributing to tumor development.
If not mutated, HER2 is just not immediately concerned in command of RMS cell development however might be expressed at vital ranges. A minority of ERMS carries a HER2 mutation with driving exercise on tumor development. HER3 is incessantly overexpressed by RMS and may play a job within the residual myogenic differentiation means and in resistance to signaling-directed remedy.
HER relations could possibly be exploited for therapeutic approaches in two methods: blocking the HER member (taking part in a driving function for tumor development with antibodies or inhibitors) and concentrating on expressed HER members to vehiculate toxins or immune effectors.
Stretch-induced satellite tv for pc cell deformation incontracturedmuscles in kids with cerebral palsy
Satellite tv for pc cells (SCs) are quiescent, grownup skeletal muscle stem cells chargeable for postnatal muscle development and restore. Kids with cerebral palsy (CP) have muscle contractures with decreased SC abundance, extracellular matrix abnormalities and decreased serial sarcomere quantity leading to vastly elevated in vivo sarcomere size, maybe on account of impaired sarcomere addition, in comparison with kids with typical growth (TD).
Stretch is a powerful activator of SCs that results in addition of sarcomeres throughout bone-muscle development. Mechanical loading and subsequent deformation of intracellular buildings can result in activation and proliferation, maybe by cytoskeletal transmissions of extracellular mechanical indicators to the nuclei. The first intention of this examine was to find out the impact of ex vivo stretch-induced sarcomere size change on SC deformation in kids with CP and TD. Muscle biopsies had been obtained from twelve kids (7 CP, 5 TD) throughout surgical procedure.
Fiber bundles had been labeled with fluorescent antibodies for Pax7 (SC), DRAQ5 (nuclei), and alpha-actinin (sarcomere protein). Fibers had been stretched utilizing a customized jig and imaged utilizing confocal microscopy. SC nuclear size, top and facet ratio underwent elevated deformation with growing sarcomere size (p < 0.05) in each teams. Slopes of affiliation for SC nuclear size, facet ratio and sarcomere lengths had been comparable between CP and TD. Our outcomes point out that SC in kids with CP endure comparable deformation as TD throughout sarcomere lengths.
OLIG2 is a novel immunohistochemical marker related to the presence of PAX3/7-FOXO1 translocation in rhabdomyosarcomas.
Essentially the most frequent histological varieties of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in kids are embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) tumours. The vast majority of ARMS are characterised by the presence of PAX3/7-FOXO1 gene fusion and have a worse prognosis than fusion gene-negative ARMS.
Nonetheless, identification of PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion standing is difficult when utilizing formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) materials. Microarray analyses revealed that prime expression of a number of genes is related to PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion standing. Due to this fact, we investigated if immunohistochemical method might detect surrogate marker genes as indicators of fusion gene-positive RMS.
45 RMS sufferers had been included within the evaluation and immunohistochemistry was utilized to FFPE tissues collected at prognosis. Protein expression of OLIG2, a novel marker in RMS, was investigated utilizing antibody EP112 (Cell Marque).
As well as already identified two markers had been additionally analyzed: TFAP2B utilizing rabbit anti-TFAP2β antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and ALK utilizing anti-ALK antibody clone D5F3 #3633 (Cell Signalling). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out on FFPE sections with FOXO1/PAX3 and/or FOXO1/PAX7 probes (Twin Color Single Fusion Probe, Zytovision).
Our evaluation revealed that each one three immunohistochemical markers are related to the presence of PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion: TFAP2B (p < 0.00001), OLIG2 (p = 0.0001) and ALK (p = 0.0007). 4 ARMS had unfavorable PAX3/7-FOXO1 standing and none of them displayed optimistic response with the analysed markers.
Constructive response with OLIG2 (6 tumours) was at all times related to the presence of PAX3/7-FOXO1 rearrangement. Two further OLIG2 optimistic instances confirmed inconclusive FISH outcomes, however had been optimistic for TFAP2B and ALK, what means that these tumours expressed fusion optimistic signature.
PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC881187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF488A conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC881187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF488A conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC051187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC051187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC041187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC041187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC401187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC401187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCB1187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCB1187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCAP1187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCAP1187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCA1187-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 459.6 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), APC conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCR1187-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 459.6 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), RPE conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCP1187-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 459.6 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), PerCP conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNUM1187-50 | Biotium | 50uL | EUR 474 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), 1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCH1187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNCH1187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNUB1187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 250.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNUB1187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 549.6 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC611187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC611187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC551187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC551187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC431187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC431187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC681187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF568 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC681187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF568 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC471187-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7 (PAX7/1187) Antibody |
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| BNC471187-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7 (PAX7/1187), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7(PAX7/497) Antibody |
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| BNCA0497-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 459.6 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7(PAX7/497), APC conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7(PAX7/497) Antibody |
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| BNC800497-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7(PAX7/497), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7(PAX7/497) Antibody |
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| BNC800497-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7(PAX7/497), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7(PAX7/497) Antibody |
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| BNC810497-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7(PAX7/497), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7(PAX7/497) Antibody |
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| BNC810497-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7(PAX7/497), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7(PAX7/497) Antibody |
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| BNC940497-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 238.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7(PAX7/497), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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PAX7(PAX7/497) Antibody |
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| BNC940497-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 652.8 |
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Description: Primary antibody against PAX7(PAX7/497), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
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Our outcomes point out that TFAP2B, ALK and a novel marker OLIG2 might function surrogate markers for PAX3/7-FOXO1 standing what is particularly useful in instances the place poor high quality tumour tissue is just not appropriate for dependable genetic analyses or reveals inconclusive end result.
